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A.2 · 3 · A.2 Forces and momentum · Newton’s laws

Newton's third law

The law of action and reaction: forces come in pairs, on different objects.

SL+HLMedium14 minFree
Hook

You push a heavy trolley forward. Why do you feel it pushing back on you?

Newton’s third law
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Name, words, maths

Newton's third law
1What it is called
Law of action and reaction
Action / Reaction
2In words

“Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.”

3In maths
  1. FP→T = − FT→P
equal size, opposite direction, on DIFFERENT objects
Check 1 of 3

A person pushes a trolley with 5 N to the right. The trolley pushes the person with…

Check 2 of 3

Why do an action force and its reaction force not cancel each other?

Check 3 of 3

A boot kicks a football. The reaction to the boot’s force on the ball is…

Apply

A rocket accelerates forward in space, where there is nothing to push against. Explain how, using Newton’s third law.

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Remember earlier lessons
From lesson A.2 · 2

The gradient of a p–t graph is…

From lesson A.2 · 1

Inertia is…

Summary card

Key points

  • • Forces come in pairs: action and reaction.
  • • They are equal in size and opposite in direction.
  • • They act on different objects, so they never cancel each other.

Formulas

  • FP→T = − FT→P

Key terms

Action–reaction pair
:
two forces of the same type between two objects, on different objects

Common errors

  • • Saying action and reaction cancel.
  • • Putting both forces of a pair in the same free-body diagram.
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